Louisiana's Living
            Traditions  
Louisiana's Traditional
            Cultures, an Overview
Creole State
            Exhibit  
Virtual Books on
            Louisiana Folklife  
Articles and
            Essays  
Self-Taught Artists
Photographs of
            Louisiana Folklife in Context  
Louisiana Folklife
            Resources  
Louisiana Folklife Maps  
Louisiana Folklife Site
            Homepage  
Site Map of
            the Louisiana Folklife website and All of Its Parts  
Credits  
Site Map and Search  
 
The Louisiana Folklife
            Program  
Louisiana Voices Educator's
            Guide  

Mabuhay Pilipino! (Long Life!): Filipino Culture in Southeast Louisiana

By Laura Westbrook

Brief Historical Overview / Filipino Heritage and Language
Social and Benevolent Organizations / Businesses
Religious Observations and Celebrations / Secular Celebrations
Dances from the Philippines
Conclusion

Conclusion
Because most of the observations and celebrations in the community, both sacred and secular, include dance at some point in the day, dance assumes a prominent role in the culture and most people remain familiar with at least some of the traditional dances. Marina Espina sees tinikling as symbolic of the life of the modern Filipino immigrant:

    From the earliest history of Filipino immigration, we have been able to preserve our identity through food and through language. When Filipinos began to live in neighborhoods with other people, and because of their jobs, they wanted to rise on the ladder of success. As far as the social heritage, they had to preserve it as Filipinos. They had to be successful in the general population and also to remain part of the smaller community— it is a balancing act between the public and private life. The thing that would symbolize the Filipinos might be the tinikling— the dance between the bamboo sticks, learning to move in and out of the two worlds with good grace, courage, and humor.

Hermie Urcia describes dancing as an activity that can be shared among the generations, and between established Filipinos and recent arrivals:

    There are not a lot of Filipinos in Louisiana, in comparison to other big cities, but this makes Louisiana a more attractive place for new immigrants or non-immigrants alike. There is the genuine warmth and a welcoming feeling that you will notice when you meet Filipinos here in Louisiana.

All Filipinos in Louisiana speak English and are familiar with American popular culture, but there are several factors that help Filipinos to remain connected to the islands and to their culture. Many Filipinos remain in close contact with friends and family members who live in the Philippines, and visit regularly. Children, even those who do not become fluent in Tagalog, at least learn some traditional songs and expressions, and pick up some of the language if their families visit the islands. The current popularity of traditional-pop fusion and traditional dance has young people interested in learning from their elders. The large number of Filipino organizations in Louisiana, which support Filipino enterprises in the United States and the Philippines, gives residents a variety of ways in which to be involved with other Filipinos and with causes of importance to the larger community. Like all of the Filipinos interviewed for this essay, Hermie Urcia expressed thankfulness to all of those individuals (more than could be named in this essay) who spend their available time organizing Filipino events and sharing the culture:

    I am so glad that there are a lot of Filipinos who still want to keep the Philippine culture alive here in Louisiana, like Lily Alvarez, Cecille Malendez, Zenaida Dhir, Zenaida Bayuga, Robert Romero, Gerry Yumul, Remy Baker, just to name a few, the list can go on and on.

In interviews, Filipinos stress that theirs is not a closed community, and that Filipinos in Louisiana welcome and value their friendships with non-Filipinos. Gatherings such as Independence Day celebrations, the annual Filipiana gala, and even Filipino religious observations all welcome respectful non-Filipino guests. Sometimes the interest of an outsider, such as an interviewer or festivalgoer, can offer a welcome opportunity to proudly explain Filipino culture and history. The most valued traditional gatherings, though, are those that include active Filipino community members and new arrivals from the Philippines. These occasions allow Louisiana Filipinos to welcome new arrivals, grow their community, and keep in closer touch with their homeland. Hermie Urcia reflects on his community in Louisiana:

    There are several instances that the Philippine culture are showcased every year, [such as the] Filipino Heritage Festival, Independence Day, Ms Philippines [charity fundraiser "Filipiana," sponsored each year by Philippine American United Council of Louisiana]. Filipinos are well known for its hospitality and this extends to everybody, but most especially to our kababayans [term of endearment meaning "people coming from the same bayan (country)] when we live outside the Philippines. This is something that I feel is very strong here in Louisiana.

Filipinos in Louisiana have managed, to a high degree, to assimilate into American life while retaining important aspects of Philippine tradition and also maintaining a strong sense of unity. This positive cultural identity and dynamic community life allow Louisiana's Filipino community to remain vital as it absorbs the new while retaining the traditional, and as it extends to new generations and new arrivals from the homeland.

Laura Westbrook is the Regional Folklorist at the University of New Orleans. This article was prepared as part of the New Populations Project. The website of the Louisiana Regional Folklife Program at UNO includes edited transcripts of interviews with some of those who provided information for this essay, and information about Filipino cultural groups, businesses, and activities, in addition to traditional culture in the parishes of Jefferson, Orleans, Plaquemines, St. Bernard, and St. Tammany.

Notes

1. The correspondence of names with provinces was not as consistent as it may have been intended to be. More information about Filipino names can be found in the introduction to the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos ("Alphabetical Catalog of Surnames"), published in the Philippines in the mid-19th century in response to a Spanish colonial decree instituting a systematic distribution of Spanish surnames among Filipinos.

2. "Pasion" is also sometimes spelled "Pasyon."

Bibliography

Bautista, Veltisezar. The Filipino Americans (1763-Present): Their History, Culture, and Traditions, 2nd Edition. Warren, MI: Bookhaus Publishers. 2002.
Cordova, Fred. Filipinos: Forgotten Asian Americans. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Co. 1983.

Dolan, Ronald E. Philippines: A Country Study. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. 1991.

Hearn, Lafcadio. "Saint Malo, A Lacustrine Village in Louisiana." Harper's Weekly. March 31, 1883.

Pido, Antonio. "Macro/Micro Dimensions of Pilipino Immigration to the United States," in Maria P.P. Root, ed. Filipino Americans: Transformation and Identity. Thousand Oaks (CA): Sage Publication, 1999, pp. 21-38

Schonberg, Lynn W. "Barataria-Terrebonne: A Glorious Past, A Fragile Future." Louisiana Environmentalist. September-October 1995: 24-33.

Interviews

Alvarez, Lydia. Interview. May 7, 2008.
____. Personal communication. November 11, March 27, 31, June 6, 16, July 8, 15, 16, 17, 21, ____. August 15, 25, September 29, October 30, 2008.

Astilla, Carmelo. Personal communication. May 25, June 13, 2008.

Bayuga, Zenaida. Interview. May 26, 2008.
____. Personal communication. June 9, 14, July 7, 9, August 16, 2008.

Bovard, Sara and Josie. Interview. April 19, 2008.
____. Personal communication. July 17, 2008.

Catalos, Ely. Interview. July 23, 2008.

DePano, Adlai. Interview. June 3, 13, August 6, 14, 2008.
____. Personal communication.

DePano, Liz. Personal communication.
June 15, 17, July 7, 8, August 8, 2008.

Enriquez, Nestor. Personal communication.
May 9, June 5, 2008.

Espina, Marina. Interview. June 10, 2008.
____. Personal communication. July 18, 2008.

Franzuela, Nanette. Interview. June 11, 13, 15, July 10, 2008.
____. Personal communication.

Garcia, Francisco. Interview. July 26, 2008.
____. Personal communication August 14, 16, 2008.

Garcia, Kurt. Personal communication.
June 9, July 22, August 4, 2008.

Harwell, Lance. Personal communication.
May 14, 23, 25, June 3, 6, 9, 11, 2008.

Inocian, Absalon. Personal communication.
May 27, July 16, 17 2008.

Moreau, Catherine. Interview. April 21, 2008.
____. Personal communication. July 22, August 15, 2008.

Ojario, Sr. Helen. Personal communication.
June 11, July 20, August 14, September 10, 2008.

Pasia, Crispin. Personal communication.
June 3, 7, 2008.

Pimentel, Zeno. Personal communication.
June 11, 2008.

Richoux, Rhonda Lee. Personal communication.
May 5, June 6, 2008.

Ramos, Ramona. Personal communication.
June 16, July 5, July 7, 2008.

Romero, Robert. Personal communication.
June 7, July 28, 2008.

Tuazon, Elsie. Interview. April 25, 2008.
____. Personal communication. May 13, 16, 19, 2008.

Urcia, Jesse and Hermie. Interview. July 24, 2008.
____. Personal communication. August 14, 15, 2008.

Resources

Alcantara, Ruben. Sakada: Filipino Adaptation in Hawaii. Washington, D.C.: University Press, 1981.

Alejandro, Reynaldo G. The Food of the Philippines: Authentic Recipes from the Pearl of the Orient. Warren, MI: Bookhaus Publishers. 1999.

Alejandro, Reynaldo G. The Philippine Cookbook. Warren, MI: Bookhaus Publishers. 1985.

Barrameda, Bong. Pinoy Trivia volumes 1 and 2. Anvil Publishing, 1993.

Bautista, Veltisezar. The Filipino Americans (1763-Present): Their History, Culture, and Traditions, 2nd Edition. Warren, MI: Bookhaus Publishers. 2002.

Bonus, Rick. Locating Filipino Americans: Ethinicity & the Cultural Politics of Space. Philidelphia: Temple University Press, 2000.

Canillo, A., E. Casuga, J. Cordova, C. Cortez, and B. Menor, Jr. Pinoy Know Yourself: An Introduction to the Filipino American Experience. Santa Cruz: Third World Teaching Resource Center, 1975.

Cariaga, Roman R. The Filipinos in Hawaii: A Survey of their Economic and Social Conditions. University of Hawaii, 1936.

Castillo-Tsuchida, Adelaida. Filipino Migrants in San Diego: 1900-1946. University of San Diego. 1979.

Choy, Catherine Ceniza. Empire of Care: Nursing and Migration in Filipino American History. Durham: Duke University Press, 2003.

Crisostomo, Isabelo T. Filipino Achievers in the USA & Canada: Profiles in Excellence. Warren, MI: Bookhaus Publishers. 1996.

Cordova, Fred, ed. Filipinos: Forgotten Asian Americans. A Pictorial Essay 1763-ca.1963. Dubuque: Kendall Hunt, 1983.

Crouchett, Lorraine Jacobs. Filipinos in California: From the Days of the Galleons to the Present. El Cerrito: Downey Place Publishing House, Inc., 1982.

de la Cruz, E., P. Baluyut, and R. Reyes. Confrontations, Crossings and Convergence: Photographs of the Philippines and the United States,1898-1998. Los Angeles: UCLA Asian American Studies Center, 1998.

Enriquez-Kenny, Isabel. 1992. Dancing the Shrimp. Magic Lantern Films.

Espina, Marina E. Filipinos in Louisiana. New Orleans: A. F. Laborde & Sons, 1988.

Espiritu, August. Five Faces of Exile: The Nation and Filipino American Intellectuals. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 2005.

Espiritu, Yen Le. Filipino American Lives. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995.

Evangelista, Susan. Carlos Bulosan and his Poetry: A Biography and Anthology. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1985.

Filipinas Magazine. Filipinas Publishing Inc. GBM Building, 1580 Bryant St., Daly City, CA 94015.

"In Our Auntie's Words: The Filipino Spirit of Hampton Roads." Filipino American National Historical Society-Hampton Roads Chapter. San Francisco: T'boli Publishing and Distributor, 2004.

Francia, Luis, ed. Brown River, White Ocean: An Anthology of Twentieth-century Philippine Literature in English. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1993.

Friday, Chris. Organizing Asian American Labor: The Pacific Coast Canned-Salmon Industry, 1870-1942. Philadelphia: Temple University Press,1994.

Fujita-Rony, Dorothy B. American Workers, Colonial Power: Philippine Seattle and the Transpacific West, 1919-1941. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2003.

Gelle, Gerry G. Filipino Cuisine: Recipes from the Islands. Warren, MI: Bookhaus Publishers. 1997.

Hearn, Lafcadio. "Saint Malo, A Lacustrine Village in Louisiana." Harper's Weekly. March 31, 1883.

Ignacio, A., E. de la Cruz, J. Emmanuel, and H. Toribio. The Forbidden Book: The Philippine-American War in Political Cartoons. San Francisco: T'boli Publishing and Distributor, 2004.

Karnow, Stanley. In Our Image: America's Empire in the Philippines. New York: Ballantine Books, 1989.

Kerkvliet, Melinda Tria. "Interpreting Pablo Manlapit." Filipino American History: Identity and Community in Hawaii 37: 1-25.

Lawsin, Emily. "Beyond 'Hanggang Pier Only': Filipina American War Brides of Seattle, 1945-1965." M.A. thesis, University of California Los Angeles, 2000.

Lott, Juanita Tamayo. The Common Destiny of Multigenerational Americans: Four Generations of Filipino Americans. Walnut Creek: Alta MiraPress, 2005.

Lyon, Eugene. "Track of the Manila Galleons." National Geographic. Vol. 178, No.3, Sept. 1990, pgs. 4-37.

Mabalon, Dawn. Filipina Pioneers: The Pinay in Stockton, California, 1929-1946. UCLA, 1997.

Malave, A. and M. Manalansan, eds. Queer Globalizations: Citizenship and the Afterlife of Colonialism. New York: New York University Press, 2002.

Manalansan, Martin. Global Divas: Filipino Gay Men in the Diaspora. London: Duke University Press, 2003.

Melendy, Brett H. "California's Discrimination against Filipinos, 1927-1935." In Racism in California: A Reader in the History of Oppression, edited by Roger Daniels and Spencer Olin, Jr., 141-151. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1972.

Morales, Royal F. Makibaka: The Pilipino American Struggle. Los Angeles: Mountain View Publishers, 1974.

Natividad, Irene, ed. The Asian American Almanac: A Reference Work on Asians in the United States. Washington, D.C.: Gale Reserch Inc, 1995.

Navarro, Jovina, ed. Diwang Filipino: Filipino Consciousness. Davis: University of California, Davis, Asian American Studies, 1974.

Oades, Riz A. Beyond the Mask: Untold Stories of US Navy Filipinos. National City: KCS Publishing, 2004.

Okamura, Jonathan. Imagining the Filipino American Diaspora: Transnational Relations, Identities, and Communities. New York: Garland Publications, 1998.

Parrenas, Rachel Salazar. "'White Trash' Meets the 'Little Brown Monkey': The Taxi Dance Hall As A Site of Interracial & Gender Alliances Between White Working Class Women & Filipino Immigrant Men in the 1920s & 30s." Amerasia Journal 24, no. 2 (1998): 115-34.

Pastor, Cristina DC. Scratch the News: Filipino Americans in Our Midst. Portland, Oregon: Inkwater Press, 2005.

Pido, Antonio J. The Filipinos in America: Macro/Micro Dimensions of Immigration and Integration. New York: Center for Migration Studies, 1986.

Posadas, Barbara M. The Filipino Americans. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1999.

Quinsaat, Jesse, ed. Letters in Exile: An Introductory Reader to the History of Filipinos in America. Los Angeles: UCLA Asian American Studies Center, 1976.

Raymundo, Rizaline. Tomorrow's Memories: A Diary (1924-1928) of Angeles Monrayo. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2003.

Reyes, Norman. Child of Two Worlds: An Autobiography of a Filipino-American, or Vice Versa. Colorado Springs: Three Continents Press, 1995.

Robles, A. and P. Tabios, eds. Liwanag: Literary and Graphic Expressions by Filipinos in America. San Francisco: Liwanag Publications Inc., 1975.

Root, Maria P.P., ed. Filipino Americans: Transformation and Identity. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 1997.

San Buenaventura, Steffi. "Filipino Immigration to the United States," The Asian American Encyclopedia. New York: Marshall Cavendish, 1995: 439-453.

San Juan, Epifiano. After Postcolonialism: Remapping Philippines - U. S. Confrontations. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2000.

San Miguel Beer Home Page

Santos, Hector, ed. "Philippine Centennial Series." US, June 3, 1997.

Scharlin, C. and L. Villanueva. Philip Vera Cruz: A Personal History of Filipino Immigrants and the Farmworkers Movement. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2000.

Schonberg, Lynn W. "Barataria-Terrebonne: A Glorious Past, A Fragile Future." Louisiana Environmentalist. September-October 1995: 24-33.

Shaw, A. V. and L. Francia, eds. Vestiges of War: The Philippine-American War and the Aftermath of an Imperial Dream, 1899-1999. New York: New York University Press, 2002.

Storey, M. and M.Lichauco. The Conquest of the Philippines by the United States, 1898-1923. New York: GP Putnam's Sons, the Knickerbocker Press, 1926.

Strobel, Leny Mendoza. Coming Full Circle: The Process of Decolonization among Post-1965 Filipino Americans. Quezon City: Giraffe Book, 2001.

Syquia, Serafin, ed. Flips: A Filipino American Anthology. San Francisco: Philippine American Collegiate Endeavor and the Associated Students of San Francisco State University, 1971.

Tajima-Peña, Renee. "My America, or Honk If You Love Buddha." PBS film about Asian Americans, featuring the Burtanog sisters of St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana. (1997). 87 minutes, 16 mm color.

Takaki, Ronald. Strangers from a Different Shore: A History of Asian Americans. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1989.

Villanueva, M. and Cerenio, V., eds. Going Home to a Landscape: Writings by Filipinas and Filipina Americans. Corvallis: Calyx Books, 2003.

 

National Endowment for the Arts.

 
Folklife in Louisiana Home | Living Traditions Home | Louisiana Voices: Educator's Guide
Folklife Program Introduction | Planning and Funding Folklife Projects
Overview of Louisiana's Traditional Cultures | News, Events & Programs
Links | Site Map & Search | Credits | Contact Us/Link to Us
Louisiana Division of the Arts | Department of Culture, Recreation & Tourism
Copyright 1999 Louisiana Division of the Arts,
PO Box 44247, Baton Rouge, LA 70804, tel 225-342-8180